The Two Energies of Matter

The Inertial Mass and Kinetic Energy of Matter.

© Donald L. Hamilton, August 11, 2000

There are two different ways of thinking about the energy of a body (matter). When we consider the kinetic (or potential) energy of a body relative to other bodies we must also - always consider the inertial mass/energy of the body - the body's energy relative to absolute space. A body always has two energies - one vector and one scalar - kinetic and mass.

  • Much of the twentieth century cosmology was based primarily on the "failure" of the Michelson/Morley experiments to discover an aether wind set up by the earth passing through the aether. If fact all of Michelson's experiments throughout his lifetime failed to discover any motion of the Earth relative to space. The results of these experiments sent the scientific world into a tizzy trying to find a logical explanation for this "failure". Fitzgerald and Lorentz came up with the idea that everything contracts just enough to compensate for the motion of the Earth relative to space. Even the “measuring sticks” contract, so that no motion can ever be detected. Einstein abandoned the idea of an aether and adapted these basic ideas to his Relativity theories to account for the constancy of speed of light.

  • This paper explores the possibility that the Earth is indeed motionless relative to universal (absolute) space. There is no acceleration or velocity between a body and absolute space, no vector motion of any kind. Absolute Space (the absolute frame of reference of the entire universe), without considering matter and energy is a perfect vacuum - it has no coordinates or direction - it has no geometry. Absolute Space is independent of matter and energy - it exists because of the laws of nature and as a result of the existence of the laws of nature. The laws of nature and absolute space are synonymous.The laws of nature create absolute space. The laws of nature brought the universe into existence. The laws of nature are invariant and unchanging. If there was a big bang the laws of nature had to be in place before that event could happen.

  • Without matter or energy or reference grids there is nothing to indicate that the Earth is moving relative to absolute space - there is no way to detect motion between a body and space itself. When considering a body relative to absolute space no other bodies are considered. The body must be considered alone and completely motionless relative to absolute space. The mass/energy of a body of matter, relative to absolute space, is manifested as the body's inertial mass.

  • Actually, the M/M experiment was a total success. It indicated that matter is motionless relative to space. There was no need for the Fitzgerald/Lorentz contractions. What really happens is that, although bodies do not move relative to space itself, their energy levels (inertial mass) do vary - relative to absolute space. A change in “inertial mass” of a body indicates a change in the body’s “space energy level”.

    “Rest Mass” only indicates a body’s mass at a certain space energy level. In other star systems a body’s rest inertial mass may be different. Time does not slow down as a rocket accelerates in space, only the astronaut’s quartz watch slows as the quartz’s mass increases. (Its vibration changes with it mass.)

    Although matter moves about the universe relative to other matter, it does not move relative to space. Absolute Space (excluding all energy and matter) is a single entity from one end of the universe to the other. A body cannot pass from one part of space to another, space itself is all one. Move relative to what?? Absolute Space without considering its energy or matter is far from empty however, it is absolutely packed with all the laws of nature. Every square centimeter of space within the Universe is filled with all the laws in existence, physics, chemistry and biology.

  • If astronauts were traveling in a rocket ship completely alone in space, (no stars, etc.) with its engines off they would be weightless. There would be no way to tell if the rocket was moving relative to absolute space. If the rocket's engines were turned on they would feel the effects of inertia (weight) but they still couldn't detect any motion of the ship relative to absolute space.

  • "Space energy level" is the energy level of a body - relative to absolute space only, - with the speed of light being the ultimate high energy level. The "space energy level" of the body is manifested as its inertial mass. A body at a high "space energy level" (for example - equivalent to 3/4 the speed of light) would have more inertial mass then the same body at a lower "space energy level" (at 1/4 the speed of light). Conditions may vary in the universe but the ‘phenomena (the laws of nature) that guide and control matter and energy’ are universal and invariant - they never deviate!

  • Matter - the fundamental particles of nature - by themselves have no mass or energy. It is only when a force is exerted on them do they began to acquire mass/energy - they began to rise to a higher 'space energy level'. Evidence of this is observed when a particle is accelerated in a cyclotron - more and more force is required to maintain the same rate of acceleration as the particle's energy level increases. While the particle is accelerating (gaining kinetic energy) it is also rising to a higher space energy level (its inertial mass is increasing).

  • A body that is at a very low "space energy level" has little inertial mass or kinetic energy. It would not require much force for the body to accelerate vectorally - relative to other bodies - or to rise to a higher "space energy level" - relative to absolute space. The same body traveling at a very high velocity (closer to the speed of light) and at a high "space energy level" would be very massive. Inertia would require a tremendous force be exerted for the body to continue to accelerate, relative to other bodies, or rise to a higher space energy level, relative to absolute space.

  • When Isaac Newton wrote his equation for the Law of Inertia; F=MA (force equals mass times acceleration) he knew nothing of Inertia's requirement that an increasing amount of force is required to maintain the constant acceleration of a body as it rises to higher energy levels or that a body does not move relative to absolute space itself. He therefore only considered the acceleration of a body relative to other bodies - its kinetic energy. He never considered the variability of the mass/energy of the body in relation to absolute space itself.

  • When a large force is exerted on a particle in a cyclotron it accelerates to very high energy levels. Both its kinetic momentum energy and its inertial mass energy rise simultaneously. The particle accelerates (kinetic) relative other bodies while simultaneously its inertial mass/energy increases relative to absolute space. It takes a tremendous amount of force to increase the inertial mass of the particle by a small amount. The equation F=MC represents the ratio of force F that is required to increase the particle's inertial mass by a small amount. Since the body has no acceleration relative to absolute space, M represents its inertial mass relative to absolute space only. Since C (the speed of light) is a constant, only the M (inertial mass) will vary with the amount of force F exerted..

    With kinetic energy, the motion of the particle is relative to other bodies or references. The particle is accelerating and in this case the equation F=MA would represent the ratio of force required to accelerate the particle at a certain rate. In this case the M (inertial mass) will remain constant but the A (acceleration) will vary with the amount of force F exerted. It can be seen with these two equations that as the M mass increases relative to absolute space - more and more force will be required to maintain a constant acceleration A .

  • When we consider the kinetic energy of a body we must also - consider the scalar inertial mass/energy of the body - relative to absolute space. A body always has two energies - one vector and one scalar - a motion energy relative to other bodies and an inertial mass energy relative to absolute space. The motion energy is the body's kinetic or potential energy is relative to other bodies. (Potential energy is stored kinetic energy.) The body's inertial mass is its mass/energy and is relative to absolute space - a non-motion scalar energy.

  • 1. Kinetic/energy - the motion of a body relative to other bodies - (a vector quantity). This would be the momentum or acceleration of the body. This we perceive as the motion/energy of the body relative to other bodies. The kinetic energy must always be compared to another body or bodies.

  • 2. Mass/energy - the body's energy - relative to absolute space itself. This is energy that manifests itself as the inertial mass of the body. The scalar (non-directional) mass/energy of the body. A rocket accelerating in space while it has direction relative to other bodies (kinetic) has no direction relative to absolute space(scalar). If it accelerates in one direction (vectorally) it cannot turn around and deccelerate in the direction it came from, relative to absolute space. Absolute space is directionless the body will continue to gain mass as long as a force is exerted. The only way the body can lose mass is radiate its energy.

  • At earth's "space energy level" a body of matter contains a tremendous amount of this scalar mass/energy which we perceive as the inertial mass of the body. Einstein's E=MC^2 represents the tremendous amount of energy a body of matter possesses relative to absolute space. This is the inertial mass/energy of the body. This inertial mass depends on its 'energy level' relative to space only and is not dependant on its relation to other bodies.

  • Take a bullet for example. The bullet at rest has no vector momentum/energy relative to other bodies around it but it does have inertial mass (a tremendous mass/energy - relative to space). When we fire the bullet from a gun it gains tremendous kinetic energy F=MA as it accelerates out of the barrel AND at the same time the force F=MC also increases the body's inertial mass M by a very tiny amount - relative to absolute space. Its space energy level rises a very tiny amount. When the bullet hits an object both the momentum and the inertial mass energies are transfered to the object and the bullet returns to its original energy level. The point is that the bullet, whether at rest or moving always has two energies - one relative to other bodies (vector) and one relative to absolute space (scalar).

  • The inertial mass of a body is not invariant, it depends on the 'space energy level' of the body. As more and more force is exerted on a particle in a cyclotron its kinetic (motion) energy (relative to the cyclotron and the earth) increases, ALSO relative to absolute space its inertial mass increases. Relative to other bodies its kinetic energy increases greatly F=MA while its mass/energy relative to absolute space increases by a tiny amount F=MC .


    The Constancy of the Speed of Light.

  • This concept can also be applied to when a particle emits a photon. The particle must be considered alone in space (scalar - having no direction or motion) - no other body is considered. The photon will always speed away from the particle at the speed of light. Inertial Infinity - the speed of electromagnetic energy in space. Only the emitting body and space itself is considered. It makes no difference how fast the emitting particle is traveling - relative to other particles (vector velocity) - it is motionless relative to space itself. No matter what direction (relative to other bodies) the photon is emitted, the photon will always travel away from the emitting body at the speed of light. The photon by itself is pure energy, it has no mass at all. Einstein's E=MC^2 represents only matter's inertial mass energy, relative to absolute space. The photon by itself is pure energy, it has no mass at all (because it has no matter). It is only when the photon is absorbed in a body of matter does its kinetic/energy become mass/energy.

  • In conclusion - when we consider the kinetic energy of a body we must also - always consider the scalar inertial mass energy of the body - relative to space. A body always has two energies - one vector and one scalar - kinetic energy and mass energy.

    Donald L. Hamilton, author of - "The MIND of Mankind" Published November 1996
    Reference - Chapters 14 to 19.

    #######


    ( Click on cover)

    Part 1. The Power of Human Imagination - Its Origins and Accomplishments.
    Part 2. New concepts in Cosmology, Physics, and Astronomy.


    Inertial Mass - The "Space Energy Level" of Matter.

    A New Cosmology for the 21st Century

    "Seeking Reality with Imagination."